References

Chapter 1: The Big Bang

Origin

S. Radhakrishnan. The Vedanta Philosophy and the Doctrine of Maya. Ethics, The University of Chicago Press Journals, Volume 24, Number 4, Jul., 1914.

Plato, (translated by Eyer Shawn). Allegory of the Cave. 380 BCE.

Bostrom Nick, Are you living in a computer simulation?. Philosophical Quarterly Vol. 53, No. 211, pp. 243‐255, 2003.

Virk Rizwan. The Simulation Hypothesis. Zaccheus Entertainment, Jan, 2019.

Gibson William. Neuromancer. Ace Books, Jul., 1984.

Stephenson Neal. Snow Crash. Bantam Books, Jun., 1992.

Cline Ernest. Ready Player One. Crown Publishing Group, Aug. 2011.

Dennett Daniel, et al. Daniel Dennett and Cornel West Decode the Philosophy of The Matrix. Open Culture, Apr. 5, 2013 (retrieved Dec. 24, 2024).

Precursors

Werner John. Catchup With Ivan Sutherland - Inventor Of The First AR Headset. Feb 23, 2024. (retrieved Dec. 24, 2024).

GameRadar Staff, A 43-year history of first-person shooters - from Maze War to Destiny 2. GamesRadar, May, 2017 (retrieved Dec. 24, 2024). 

Linden Labs. Second Life Origins. secondlife.com (retrieved Dec. 24, 2024).

Bush Vannevar. As We May Think. The Atlantic, Jul., 1945 Issue  (retrieved Dec. 24, 2024).

Enabling technologies

Essex David. What is Web 3.0 (Web3)? Definition, guide and history. TechTarget, Sep., 2023 (retrieved Dec. 24, 2024).

Gregory Jason. Game Engine Architecture. A K Peters, Aug., 2018.

Mann,  Steve. The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, Wearable Computing (Chapter 23). Interaction Design Foundation, Jan., 2014.

Chapter 3: IXW Definition

Core Interaction loop

Gordon, Goren et al. Toward an integrated approach to perception and action: conference report and future directions. Frontiers in systems neuroscience vol. 5, 25 Apr. 2011.

Davidow, Bill. Exploiting the Neuroscience of Internet Addiction. The Atlantic, July 18, 2012 (retrieved January 30, 2023).

Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things. MIT Press, 2013.

Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. Business Book, 2014.

Käufer, Stephan, and Anthony Chemero. Phenomenology: an introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2021.

Crawford, Chris. The Art of Computer Game Design. Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1984.

Swink, Steve. Game Feel: A Game Designer's Guide to Virtual Sensation. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers/Elsevier, 2009.

Bowman, Sarah Lynne. The Functions of Role-Playing Games : How Participants Create Community Solve Problems and Explore Identity. McFarland 2010.

Holopainen, Jussie. Foundations of Gameplay, PhD dissertation, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, 2011. 

Bryan, Wirtz. Don’t Get Stuck In A Game Loop: The Importance of A Well-Defined Core Gameplay Loop. GameDesigning.org, January 18, 2023 (retrieved Jan. 22, 2023)

Dave, Eng. Core Loops. medium.com, Dec. 3, 2019 (retrieved January 28, 2023).

Latency & synchronization

Stauffert Jan-Philipp et al. Latency and Cybersickness: Impact, Causes, and Measures. A Review. Frontiers in Virtual Reality vol 1, Nov. 26, 2020.

Bakus, Paul. Frames per second, or: The Illusion of Motion. paulbakaus.com, May 21, 2014 (revised Dec. 13, 2022)

Terra, John. What is Client-Server Architecture? Everything You Should Know. simplilearn.com, Apr. 22, 2022 (revised Oct. 17, 2022)

Metaverse definition

Ball, Matthew. The Metaverse: And How It Will Revolutionize Everything. Liveright, Jul. 2022.

Parisi, Tony. The Seven Rules of the Metaverse. Metaverses, Medium, Oct. 22, 2021 (retreived Jan. 1, 2025)

Chapter 4: Concept Design

Minimum viable question

Reis, Eric. The Lean Startup. Penguine Random House, 2011.

DePerro, Jason, et al. Finding Answers Through the Act of Creation. medium.com, Feb. 3, 2019 (retrieved Feb. 12, 2023).

Anderson, Nikki. How Might We Statements: A Powerful Way to Turn Insights into Opportunities. dscout.com, Jan. 25, 2023 (retrieved Feb. 12, 2023).

Design process & interaction design

UK Design Council. Framework for Innovation: Design Council's evolved Double Diamond. May 2019 (retrieved Apr. 24, 2023).

Interaction Design Foundation. Personas (retrieved Mar 26, 2024).

Christian Escala. Journey Map: A Tool to Approach Customer Experience. Pratt Institute Ideas & Issues, Dec. 6, 2017.

Nick Remis and the Adaptive Path Team. A Guide to Service Blueprinting. Adaptive Path & Capital One, Nov. 2016.

Generative research

Market research and competitive analysis. sba.gov (retrieved Apr. 15, 2023).

Strategic Market Research LLP. Metaverse in Gaming Market – Insights on $663.8 Billion Industry Opportunity, The Next Frontier or Hype?. Dec 28, 2022 (retrieved Apr. 15, 2023).

Interaction Design Foundation. What is user research? (retrieved Apr. 16, 2023).

Dorr, Joby. Is Using References for Art Cheating or a Valuable Tool? jobydorr.com, Apr. 28, 2021 (retrieved Apr. 15, 2023).

Blevins, Neil. Art Direction: Mood Boards, Design Packets and Callout Sheets. neilblevins.com, Apr. 26, 2021 (retrieved Apr. 15, 2023).

Interaction Design Foundation. What is Ideation? (retrieved Apr. 16, 2023)

IXW framework

Jade Kwan. Applying the Metaverse Design Framework. Duality AI Blog, Mar. 4, 2022.

Prototyping

Catmull, Ed. How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity. Harvard Business Review V86 N9 (2008 09 01): 64-72 134 2008.

Jesse James Garrett. The Elements of User Experience. Peachpit Press, Jan. 1, 2002.

Sheng-Hung Lee. From Brainstorming to Bodystorming: an applied ethnographic perspective to view co-creation workshops. designwanted.com, Dec. 28, 2022.

UXPin. Paper Prototyping: The 10-Minute Practical Guide. Oct 5, 2021.

Chapman, Arun. Vertical Slice vs MVP: What’s the Difference?. tinyhdra.com, Mar. 16, 2021 (retrieved on Feb. 25, 2023).

Evaluative research

Sophia Bernazzani Barron. How to Calculate Net Promoter Score. HubSpot, Sep. 28, 2022.

Alex Birkett. What Is Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT) and How to Measure It? HubSpot, Sep. 4, 2023.

Greg Raileanu. What is Customer Effort Score (CES) & How to Measure It? retently.com, Jul. 11, 2023.

Reichheld, Frederick. The One Number You Need to Grow. Harvard Business Review, Dec. 2003 (retrieved Apr. 24, 2023).

Chapter 5: Immersive Spaces

Story vs. player experience, and user experience

Ed Catmull. Creativity Inc. Random House, June 13th, 2023.  

Level design

US Door & More. What is the Standard Door Size for Residential Homes? (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Concept phase

Encyclopedia.com. Contrast. Oxford University Press (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Modeling and surfacing

Film And Furniture Djinn chair, Djinn stool, Djinn 2 seat sofa by Olivier Mourgue as seen in 2001: A Space Odyssey. (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Mike Seymour. Making the world of Pixar’s The Good Dinosaur. Fxguide.com, Dec 4th, 2015 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Derek Law. Disney Animation Studios Used City Engine for ZooTopia Movie. ESRI.com, July 26th, 2017 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024). 

Chapter 6: Authentic Avatars

Realism vs stylization

Rina Diane Caballar. What Is the Uncanny Valley? IEEE Spectrum, Nov 6th 2019,  (retrieved Dec. 26, 2024). 

Chapter 7: Engaging Scenarios and Sessions

Understanding scenarios

McKee, Robert. Story: Style, Structure, Substance, and the Principles of Screenwriting. It Books, Nov. 25, 1997. 

Change is inevitable

Gregory, Jason. Game Engine Architecture. Third Edition, A K Peters, Aug. 17, 2018.

World Mechanics

Bousquet, Michele, et al. Physics for Animators. First Edition, CRC Press, Dec. 18, 2015.

Johnston, Olie, et al. Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life. Abbeville Press, Jun. 1, 1981.

Eng, Dave. Game Mechanics. Medium, Feb. 6, 2020. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025).

Adams, Ernest. Game Mechanics: Advanced Game Design. First Edition, New Riders, Jun 18, 2012.

Kumar, Janki, et al. The Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, Mechanics (Chapter 6). Interaction Design Foundation, Jan., 2014.

User Interfaces

Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things. MIT Press, 2013.

Nguyen, Christopher. 7 Essential UI/UX Design Fundamentals: A Comprehensive Guide for Designers. UX Playbook, Jun. 26, 2023. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

Cagan, Marty. Inspired: How to Create Tech Products Customers Love. Wiley, 2nd edition, Nov. 20, 2017.

Weinschenk, Susan. 100 Things Every Designer Needs to Know About People. New Riders, 1st edition, Apr. 14, 2011.

Narrative Arcs

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero's Journey. New World Library, 3rd edition, Mar. 11, 2014.

McKee, Robert. Story: Style, Structure, Substance, and the Principles of Screenwriting. It Books, Nov. 25, 1997.

Arndt, Michael. Toy Story 3: Mistakes Made, Lessons Learned. YouTube.com, Nov. 11, 2021.

Hendrix, Grady. Choose Your Own Adventure: How The Cave of Time taught us to love interactive entertainment. Slate.com, Feb. 17, 2011. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

Stone, Chris. The evolution of video games as a storytelling medium, and the role of narrative in modern games. GameDeveloper.com, Jan. 7, 2019.  (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

Chapter 8: VR & AR

Virtual reality

Harmony.co.uk. VR Sickness: What it is and How to Stop It. (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Augmented reality

pokemongodeathtracker.com. Pokemon GO Death Tracker (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Chapter 9: Audio

Music

Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Leitmotif. (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Will Betts. Is the Dune score Hans Zimmer’s darkest, scariest sci-fi soundtrack yet? Musiio Blog, Jan 13th, 2022 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Dan Shaw. Continuous Atmosphere: The Art of Looping Soundtracks for Video Games. Happy Magazine, Aug 21st, 2022 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Sound FX

Ben Burtt. Ben Burtt on Lightsaber Sound Design. May 23, 2007 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Dialog

Domagoj Valjak. Origin of the Wilhelm Scream – The Most Famous Sound Effect in Movie History. The Vintage News. Apr 23, 2018 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Inside Radio. Before You Use AI To Replicate Celebrity Voices, Check With Your Lawyers. Apr 6th, 2023 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Placing audio inside of 3D space

Deia Z. Understanding Dolby and DTS surround sound formats. Crutchfield.com, Nov 22nd, 2024 (retrieved Dec 26th 2024).

Epic Games. Ambient and Procedural Sound Design. (retrieved Dec 26th 2024)

Chapter 11: Generative Worlds

Overview

US-EU Trade and Technology Council. “The impact of artificial intelligence on the future of workforces in the European Union and the United States of America”. December 2022.

Maximilian Schreiner, “OpenAI GPT-4 is said to be based on the Mixture of Experts architecture and has 1.76 trillion parameters”, July, 2023.

Nvidia. “What is Generative AI?”, (retrieved October 2023)

Vaswani, Ashish, et al. Attention Is All You Need. arXiv preprint, Jun. 12, 2017.

Ho, Jonathan, et al. Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models. arXiv preprint, Jun. 19, 2020.

World Building

Nahuel Garcia, Paola Massonnier. “Nerfs: an introduction to state of the art rendering technology with Neural Radiance Fields”, May, 2023.

Dylan Ebert. “Introduction to 3D Gaussian Splatting”, September, 2023.

Chenghao Li, et al. “Generative AI meets 3D: A Survey on Text-to-3D in AIGC Era”. arXiv preprint, May 10, 2023.

Alex McFarland. “10 Best AI 3D Object Generators (October 2023)”, October, 2023.

Rosidi, Nate. Multimodal Models Explained. KDNuggets.com, Mar. 7, 2023. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

Thinking NPCs

Oppy, Graham, et al. The Turing Test. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, revised Winter 2021. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

InWorld.ai. How AI agents in video games are set to transform gaming. inWorld.ai/blogs, Jul. 23, 2024. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

ReadyPlayer.me. Reimagining the Avatar Creation Pipeline in Games with Generative AI. ReadyPlayer.me/blog, Sep. 14, 2023. (retrieved Jan. 1, 2025)

World models and story intelligence

OpenAi.com. Sora product page. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Shah, Apurva. Can SORA’s Visually Amazing Videos Train Other AI Models? duality.ai/blog, Mar. 7, 2024. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Google DeepMind, Veo2 product page. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

HaCohen, Yoav. LTX-Video: Realtime Video Latent Diffusion. arXiv preprint, Dec 30, 2024.

Feng, Ruili. The Matrix: Infinite-Horizon World Generation with Real-Time Moving Control. arXiv preprint, Dec 4, 2024.

Google DeepMind. Genie2 project page. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

World Labs. Generating Worlds. worldlabs.ai/blog, Dec 2, 2024. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Chapter 12: Business Opportunities

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow, Abraham. Hierarchy of Needs: A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, Vol 50 No 4, Jul 1943.

Fogg, B. J. Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do. Morgan Kaufmann, Dec 30, 2002.

Virtual Goods & Services

Shah, Apurva. What is the metaverse? duality.ai/blog, Jan. 15, 2021. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Virtual Events

Seymour, Mike. In Concert: Black Pink and Doja Cat – In Your Face. fxguide.com, Jan. 30, 2024. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Cryptocurrency and blockchain

Nakamoto, Satoshi. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. bitcoin.org, Oct. 31, 2008.

Buterin,Vitalik. Ethereum Whitepaper. ethereum.org, 2014.

Digital Twins

Duality AI. Falcon product page. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Nvidia. Omniverse product page. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Chapter 13: Society and Governance

Governing Institutions

Bevir, Mark. Governance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Nov. 25, 2012.

Harai, Yuval Noha. Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI. Penguin, Oct. 9, 2024.

World Economic Forum. Decentralized autonomous organizations explained. weforum.org, Jan. 17, 2023. (retrieved Jan 6, 2025)

Trust

Weatherford, Jack. The History of Money. Crown Currency, Reprint edition, Mar. 10, 1998.

Singh, Avinash. A Review on Blockchain for Fintech using Zero Trust Architecture. JIOS, Vol. 48, No. 1, 2024.